Sin duda muchos de nosotros escuchamos alguna vez el término “clase de gimnasia” o “profesor de gimnasia” para referirse a la clase y al profe de educación física, respectivamente; hecho que en nuestro proceso de formación profesional hayamos totalmente erróneo (por tratarse la gimnasia, de solo una rama de la disciplina), pero que aún permanece en el inconciente colectivo de muchos, incluso de los mismo docentes.
Pero ¿por qué ese término?, la respuesta está, en la gran influencia que las corrientes gimnásticas, venidas desde Europa, tuvieron y siguen teniendo en la educación física en nuestro país.
Todo partió alrededor del siglo XIX, ya que desde ese momento comienza una etapa, que llega casi a nuestros días, en la cual se aprecia una sistematización de los ejercicios físicos, llevada a cabo principalmente por Guts Muths, seguido por Jhan, Amorós, Ling y otros, apareciendo así, las antes mencionadas corrientes gimnásticas:
• Gimnasia Sueca: cuyo principal exponente fue Pedro Enrique Ling, quien basó sus métodos sobre algunos principios, como por ejemplo, los ejercicios gimnásticos deben basarse en las necesidades fisiológicas y anatómicas del organismo humano; la gimnasia debe desarrollar armónicamente el cuerpo, por lo cual los ejercicios son de carácter mecánico, cerrado, repetitivo, indiscriminado, antinatural, rígido y monótono; además de ser correctivos sobre la actitud y la postura, así como estéticos. De esta manera, la gimnasia sueca se constituye como una teoría del movimiento cerrada y dogmatizada, dejando fuera todo tipo de creatividad y haciendo hincapié en la higiene de los ejercicios.
• Gimnasia Alemana: formulada por Jhan, quien mantiene una postura pedagógica fuertemente nacionalista y construye su gimnasia bajo los pilares de la obediencia, el esfuerzo y el sacrificio, por lo que posee una concepción mas atlética y militar que educativa y que implicaba la visión del un profesor “especialista”. Además la gimnasia alemana se ha caracterizado por la invención y el uso de aparatos, lo cual impedía un desarrollo armónico del organismo, ya que recurría la adquisición de destrezas específicas para cada aparato.
• Gimnasia Francesa: cuyo principal exponente fue Amorós, desde una perspectiva natural y utilitaria, trata de formar al individuo preparándolo para la vida y procurándole la formación del cuerpo. Se pretende un mejora de la forma física, con el fin de perfeccionar los movimientos naturales, lograr un dominio corporal en las acciones y conseguir un cuerpo estéticamente bello, todo ello es realizado preferentemente en un entorno natural.
• Gimnasia Natural Austriaca: esta corriente, nace como una forma de negación y rechazo a la sistematización estereotipación de los ejercicios y a todas las actividades excesivamente dirigidas. Por lo cual el trabajo es conforme al niño y a su desarrollo, contiene funciones naturales, desarrollando habilidades como caminar, correr, saltar, etc., se desarrolla en la naturaleza y su línea de movimiento sigue siempre los patrones motrices naturales.
De esta manera, podemos darnos cuenta de la influencia de estas corrientes en nuestro país, y de cómo muchas actividades físicas y deportivas se constituyen en base a muchos de los principios antes mencionados, sin ir muy lejos, el aeróbic, deriva directamente de la gimnasia sueca, con movimientos sistematizados y cerrados, o la misma Gimnasia deportiva en aparatos, producto directo de la corriente alemana, o los clásicos esquemas de la clase de educación física, que dejaban casi nulo espacio a la creatividad y que iban mas bien en contra la naturalidad de nuestros movimientos.
Es así, como es fundamental que nosotros como futuros docentes de efi, no solo sepamos las raíces de nuestra disciplina, si no que podamos aportarle desde nuestros saberes y de la experiencia misma, para así poder dejar de lado, de una vez por todas, la mítica “clase de gimnasia”.
Camila Leonardini Estay
lunes, 30 de junio de 2008
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